Low back pain is considered pain below the costal margin (below the bottom of the rib cage) and above the inferior gluteal folds (the buttocks). Most individuals with low back pain have nonspecific pain without a discernible cause. Download Image

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lateral C-shaped or S-shaped curve of the spine that begins during the adolescent growth spurt. AIS can either be progressive, in which the severity of the curve increases until skeletal growth is complete or beyond, or stable. Download Image

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist. CTS is characterized by numbness, tingling, pain or weakness in the fingers or arm, all of which affect individual hand function and quality of life. Download Image

Pain caused by a lesion or damage of the central somatosensory nervous system, namely, central neuropathic pain (CNP), is a chronic pain condition, which can have devastating effects on patient quality of life, including sleep, mood and social functioning. Download Image

Dystonia is characterized by abnormal movements or postures caused by sustained muscle contractions. The term dystonia can be used to refer to a single sign or a disease in which this sign is the only or predominant clinical feature. Download Image

The Ehlers−Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of connective tissue disorders caused by alterations in genes encoding fibrillar collagens, collagen modifying or collagen processing enzymes, or enzymes that modify glycosaminoglycans within the extracellular matrix (ECM).Download Image

Fibromyalgia is a challenging topic in medicine. Although generally regarded as a rheumatic syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain, sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment, specialists from various other fields such as neurologists, psychiatrists and pain specialists may claim that the symptoms associated with fibromyalgia belong to their respective realms. Even among rheumatologists, the factors that define fibromyalgia — and how to measure them — are under debate. Download Image

Frozen shoulder (FS; also known as adhesive capsulitis) is a painful fibroproliferative disorder affecting the shoulder joint, resulting in a gradual loss of range of motion. FS can occur spontaneously and without a known cause (primary FS) or can be associated with various comorbidities (secondary FS). Download Image

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are autoimmune disorders characterized by chronic muscle inflammation. Clinical manifestations vary but frequently include muscle weakness and myalgia, as well as extramuscular manifestations, such as rash, arthritis, interstitial lung disease and heart disease. Download Image

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder and results from a combination of risk factors, of which increasing age and obesity are the most important. Characteristic signs of OA include pain, transient morning stiffness and crepitus (a grating sound or sensation in the joint) upon motion. Download Image

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with heterogeneous clinical features that affects 30% of patients with skin or nail psoriasis. The evolution of psoriasis to PsA may occur in stages, although the exact mechanisms are still unclear. Download Image

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related disorder that is characterized by an urge to move the legs. Many patients have insomnia and involuntary periodic leg movements (PLM) that occur during resting wakefulness or during sleep. Download Image

Injury to the rotator cuff — a group of muscles and tendons that aid in shoulder movement and stabilization — is a very common upper extremity condition affecting individuals. Rotator cuff tears often represent a spectrum of disease comprising tendinopathy, partial-thickness tears and full-thickness tears with arthritic change. Download Image

Tendinopathy is a complex multi-faceted disorder characterized by abnormalities in tendon microstructure, cellularity and collagen composition, Tendinopathy leading to pain and reduced function. Download Image

Tension-type headache (TTH) is a very common headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches of mild to moderate pain intensity. Notably, these headaches are not typically accompanied by other symptoms, such as photophobia, phonophobia and nausea. Download Image

Traumatic muscle injury is defined as damage to the muscle tissue that can result in a functional deficit. Traumatic muscle injury is typically caused by indirect and non-contact trauma (strains and ruptures) or by direct contact (contusions or lacerations). Download Image